29^th International Conference on Neonatal, Pediatric and Child Care Nursing October 15-16, 2018 Athens, Greece

Pediatric Surgery is a subspecialty of surgery involving the surgery of fetuses, infants, children, adolescents, and young adults. Pediatric surgery ascended in the middle of the 20th century as the surgical care of Pediatrics. In this pediatric surgery, different types of novel techniques and methods are most commonly used at children's hospitals. Subspecialties of pediatric surgery itself include neonatal surgery and fetal surgery

Pediatric neurology nursing is a specialized branch of medical science that deals with the diagnosis and management of neurological conditions in neonates (newborns), infants, children and adolescents. The discipline of child neurology encompasses diseases and disorders of the spinal cord, brain, peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system, muscles and blood vessels that affect individuals in these age groups.

The focus of this section broadly covers diagnosis and treatment of children with common skin diseases or disorders, skin ailments, clinical and laboratory investigations, diagnostic dilemmas, pediatric atopic dermatitis, nevi, hyperhidrosis, genodermatoses, pediatric acropustulosis, hemangiomas, neonatal medicine, infantile hemangiomas, cutaneous leishmaniasis, fungal infections, cutaneous melanoma.

Pediatrics subspecialty is Neonatology and consists of the medical care of newborn infants. Neonatology is generally practiced in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). The medical practitioner is called as neonatologistsand the patients are newborn infants who need special medical care due to prematurity, low birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation, congenital malformations, sepsis, pulmonary hypoplasia or birth asphyxia.

Neonatal Allergy is the treatment of allergic, respiratory, and immunologic diseases in neonates. The most common allergic illnesses of neonates are asthma and allergies. Few other allergic reactions in born babies includes runny nose, itchiness, red eyes, atopic, dermatitis, urticarial (hives), and sinusitis. There is always higher risk of infection with preterm or low birth weight neonates. Neonatal infection can be acquired in utero transplacentally or through ruptured membranes, in the birth canal during delivery (intrapartum) and from external sources after birth (postpartum). Infections like HIV and Hepatitis B acquired in the neonatal period do not become apparent until much later.

Neonatal hepatitis is inflammation of the liver which occurs between one and two months after birth. The infants with neonatal hepatitis are infected by a virus that caused the inflammation before birth by their mother or shortly after birth. The viruses are cytomegalovirus, rubella (German measles), and hepatitis A, B or C viruses.

Respiratory distress in the neonate most commonly presents as one or all of the subsequent physical signs: tachypnea, grunting, nasal flaring, retractions, and cyanosis. The disease is mainly caused by a lack of a substance in the lungs called surfactant. The neonatal respiratory disease is a problem generally seen in premature babies. A normal respiratory rate in a new-born is between 30 and 60 breaths per minute, tachypnea is classified as respiratory rates greater than 60 breaths per minute.

Neonatal resuscitation is also called as newborn resuscitation is the resuscitation of newborn children with birth asphyxia. About a quarter of all neonatal deaths globally are caused by birth asphyxia, and depending on how quickly and successfully the infant is resuscitated, hypoxic damage can occur to most of the infant's organs (heart, lungs, liver, gut, kidneys), but brain damage is of most concern.

Newborns have an immature immune system that renders them at high risk for infection at the same time reducing responses to most vaccines, thereby posing challenges in protecting the newborns. A vaccine is provided in order to prevent or reduce the effects of infections. Vaccine schedules are developed by governmental agencies to achieve maximum effectiveness using required and recommended vaccines.

Congenital malformations are single or multiple defects like heart defects, cleft lip and palate, spina bifida, limb defects, and Down syndrome are now the leading cause of infant mortality (death) in the US and many other developed nations. Congenital malformations may be due to genetic and environmental factors, as well as their combination in a multifactorial contest, may induce congenital defects. Many relevant diagnostic and therapeutic tools have been improved and contributing to a better identification and a reduction of long-term morbidity and mortality of these patients.

Neonatal encephalopathy is also called as neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. It is a heterogeneous, clinically defined syndrome characterized by disturbed neurologic function in the earliest days of life in an infant born at or beyond 35 weeks of gestation, manifested by a reduced level of consciousness or seizures, often accompanied by difficulty with initiating and maintaining respiration, and by depression of tone and reflexes.

A neonatal intensive care unit, also called as an intensive care nursing, is an intensive care unit specializing in the care of ill or premature newborn infants. A NICU is typically directed by one or more neonatologists and staff nurses, nurse practitioners, respiratory therapists, physician assistants, resident physicians, pharmacists, and dietitians. Many other additional disciplines and specialists are obtained at larger units.

A Neonatal nurse practitioner is advanced practice nurses that care for premature babies and sick newborns in intensive care units, emergency rooms, delivery rooms and special clinics.

Gynecomastia in Neonatal Babies is caused by the portion of maternal hormones through the placenta during pregnancy.When babies are born, these hormones endure for a short time, and their bodies think they are reaching puberty. This leads to the enlargement of the breasts. This is identify in male and female infants. In infants the breast enlargement usually progresses during the first 2 months of  life. Also sometimes is noticed secretion of the breasts. The breasts should not be red, hot and soft in Neonatal Gynecomastia. These findings are rational with other diseases.

Neonatal diabetes is a rare form of diabetes which is diagnosed under the age of nine months. This is most commonly caused by a change in a gene which affects insulin production. 

Neonatal surgery is s the sub-claim to fame of pediatric surgery that includes the surgical care of newborn infants. Neonatal specialists are the ones who perform neonatal surgeries including chest, abdominal and urological defects. Neonatal surgery contains the treatment of infants in the first 28 days of birth

Pediatric nursing is the medical care of neonates and children up to adolescence, usually in an in-patient hospital or day-clinic. The goal of pediatric nursing is to normalise the life of the child during hospitalisation in preparation for the family home, school and community, minimise the impact of the child's unique condition, foster maximal growth and development, prevention of disease and promotion of health of the child.

Pediatrics allergy and infectious diseases session is important as it focuses on the understanding, evaluation and treatment for children with a range of allergenic, rheumatologic and immune system disorders. It emphasizes the epidemiologic research on the most common chronic illnesses of children—asthma and allergies—as well as many less common and rare diseases.

The Pediatrics Oncology Nursing is the specialty that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Nurse’s work with patients who are suffering from cancer during the entire stages of treatment since it was diagnosed. In children, the most common types of cancer are leukemia, brain cancer and bone cancer. Treating children with cancer is different from adults. Many of the researchers are leading many investigations and furthermore anticipating for the source with a specific end goal to diminish this sort of pediatric tumors in kids.

Pediatric nutrition is the provision of a appropriate well-balanced diet subsist of the crucial nutrients and the acceptable caloric intake mandatory to build up growth and assist the physiologic concern at the assorted stages of a child's development. During the growing years between infancy and juvelin, acceptable nutrition is of most important. Your child's diet will not only backing their normal growth and evolution, but also backing their immune system, and develops lifelong eating habits. Although dietary needs, and tastes and appetites, will vary abroad throughout childhood, it is important to constantly provide your child with healthy options from all of the major food groups.

Pediatric Nephrology specifically addresses the need of children who have been diagnosed with kidney Abnormalities. Nephrology nurse primarily deals with the patient care of kidney disease. Nephrology nursing also involves in preventing disease and assessing the health care needs of patients and families. As per American Nephrology Nurses Association, the Chronic kidney Disease (CKD) patients are doubled in the last two decades in United States. One of the major parts in kidney disorder is to treat Dialysis. In the event, the patient had a severe kidney disease; Nurse may facilitate their dialysis, explore health needs while waiting for a kidney transplant, and generally endeavor to enhance the quality of life. Statistics say that approximately 27 million adults in U.S. suffer from CKD and that millions more are at risk.

Pediatric radiology is a subspecialty of radiology involving the imaging of fetuses, infants, children, adolescents, and young adults. Although some diseases seen in paediatrics are the same as that in adults, there are many conditions which are seen only in infants. The specialty has to take in account the dynamics of a growing body, from pre-term infants to large adolescents, where the organs follow growth patterns and phases.

Pediatric Endocrinology is a medical handle with disorders of the endocrine glands, such as changes of physical growth and sexual advancement in childhood, diabetes and crowed more. By age, Pediatric Endocrinologists, delegate the age scope of the patients they treat, care for patients from infancy to late juvenility and youthful adulthood. Pediatric Endocrinologists are mainly the essential physicians tangled in the medical care of infants and children with intersexual disorders.

Pediatric Gastroenterology aims with the study of the gastrointestinal tract and alimentary canal. Nurses deal with the healthcare needs of gastrointestinal infectious diseases. The ailments can range from short term to long term or from acute to chronic conditions. One of the most common conditions in newborn babies is Neonatal jaundice. Food allergies are also quite common in childhood. Pediatric Endoscopic procedures are the root methods to rule out the problems of gastrointestinal diseases. In extreme cases, gastrointestinal surgeries are performed to treat chronic disorders. The common diseases associated with pediatric gastroenterology are acute diarrhea, gastritis, persistent vomiting and problems with the development of the gastric tract.

Pediatric Pharmacology is concerned to promote the safe and effective use of medications in infants and children. Pediatrics Pharmacology focuses on the importance to understand in that pediatrics dosage form and drug-drug interaction and also how they can affect the children physiology. It is with the better understanding of Pharmacology one can know the right dosage and dosage forms of drugs. More research in pharmacology deals with identifying and responding to drug interactions and its side effects along with its mechanism of action, its therapeutic index and thereby treat accordingly. More intensive study with the interaction between pediatrics drug and its therapeutic effect helps to identify the properties of ideal pediatric drugs.

Pediatric Cardiology Nursing is responsible for the diagnosis of congenital heart defects, abnormalities in the heart and performing diagnostic procedures such as echocardiogram and electrophysiology studies. Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) is a problem in the structure of heart during the time of birth. The defects may be in the walls of the heart, the valves of the heart, and the arteries and veins near the heart. The symptoms can differ from none to life-threatening. CHD can be caused due to Genetic conditions, taking medications or alcohol during pregnancy, viral infection like Rubella, poor nutritional status or obesity in the mother. Some treatments can be done by catheter-based procedures and heart surgeries. Every year, more than 35,000 babies in the United States are born with congenital heart defects.

Medical ethics could be a special quite ethics solely because it relates to a specific realm of facts and considerations and not as a result of it embodies or appeals to some special ethical principles or methodology. With contributions not solely from ethical philosophers but also from physicians, nurses and different health professionals, social and natural scientists and lawyers, medical ethics has become a field of major concern.